Bitter Orange (Citrus aurantium var. amara) Extracts and Constituents (±)-p-Synephrine [CAS No. 94-07-5] and (±)-p-Octopamine [CAS No. 104-14-3] Review of Toxicological Literature
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چکیده
.......................................................................................................................................... i Executive Summary...................................................................................................................... ii 1.0 Basis for Nomination ........................................................................................................ 1 2.0 Introduction....................................................................................................................... 1 2.1 Chemical Identification and Analysis ................................................................. 2 2.1.1 Chemical Identification .............................................................................2 2.1.2 Chemical Analysis......................................................................................4 2.2 Physical-Chemical Properties .............................................................................. 5 2.3 Commercial Availability ...................................................................................... 7 3.0 Production Processes ........................................................................................................ 8 4.0 Production and Import Volumes..................................................................................... 8 5.0 Uses..................................................................................................................................... 8 6.0 Environmental Occurrence and Persistence .................................................................. 9 7.0 Human Exposure .............................................................................................................. 9 8.0 Regulatory Status............................................................................................................ 10 9.0 Toxicological Data........................................................................................................... 10 9.1 General Toxicology ............................................................................................. 10 9.1.1 Human Data .............................................................................................10 9.1.2 Chemical Disposition, Metabolism, and Toxicokinetics.......................11 9.1.3 Acute Exposure ........................................................................................14 9.1.4 Short-term and Subchronic Exposure ...................................................15 9.1.5 Chronic Exposure ....................................................................................16 9.1.6 Synergistic/Antagonistic Effects .............................................................16 9.1.7 Cytotoxicity...............................................................................................16 9.2 Reproductive and Teratological Effects............................................................ 16 9.3 Carcinogenicity ................................................................................................... 16 9.4 Initiation/Promotion Studies.............................................................................. 16 9.5 Anticarcinogenicity ............................................................................................. 16 9.6 Genotoxicity......................................................................................................... 16 9.7 Cogenotoxicity ..................................................................................................... 16 9.8 Antigenotoxicity .................................................................................................. 16 9.9 Immunotoxicity ................................................................................................... 17 9.10 Other Data ........................................................................................................... 17 9.11 Receptor Pharmacology of Octopamine, Synephrine, and Other Biogenic Monoamines......................................................................................................... 18 10.0 Structure-Activity Relationships ................................................................................... 22 11.0 Online Databases and Secondary References............................................................... 29 11.1 Online Databases................................................................................................. 29 11.2 Secondary References......................................................................................... 30 12.0 References........................................................................................................................ 30 13.0 References Considered But Not Cited........................................................................... 49 Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................... 50 Appendix A: Units and Abbreviations..................................................................................... 51
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Safety, Efficacy, and Mechanistic Studies Regarding Citrus aurantium (Bitter Orange) Extract and p‐Synephrine
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